Big Jim...I do not have any papers on the antifreeze subject, but in this climate I do have a lot of experience with antifreeze over use. In the summertime, we find that vehicles run about 15 to 25 degrees warmer with a heavy antifreeze mix, and on a vehicle with a marginal cooling system, it is often the difference in sitting at the side of the road during rush hour, or sitting with the family. The over use of antifreeze in winter shows symptoms much easier. If a vehicle has too much antifreeze below 20 degrees, and heat is needed, you seem to get more warmth by opening the window, than out of the heater. Once the temp reaches around zero, there is a real risk of doing damage to the block, especially along castings, like between freeze plugs. From what I am told, the extreme cold, combined with a coolant that is not pulling out enough therms, causes the cast block to go through some changes it was not really designed to do. This causes stress to the castings, and will crack the block. We use antifreeze at work for hydraulic fluid on things that come in contact with molten steel, because it doesn't absorb much heat, and due to the fact it doesn't burn as easily as some of the more mineral based fluids. I was just putting out info from what I have learned in school, and from what I have experienced in the field. If straight antifreeze works for you, then more power to you. Looking at the engine though, it appears that the antifreeze that was in the cooling system may have entered the oil galley, and caused the bearings to get wiped out. If a rebuild is going to take place, it should include all the bearings, including the cam bearings, if oil pressure isn't to become an issue in the future...Be cool...Mike <img src="/forums/images/graemlins/oink.gif" alt="" />