The friction of the wheel bearings won't be zero, but relative to the thrust of the engine they might as well be just about zero. The friction of the wheel bearings and air-mass resistance are the only things preventing forward movement of the aircraft (gravity could also be mentioned, but it's really a component of that wheel bearing friction), while the engine thrust (much more force) would pull the aircraft by grabbing the air (the air is unaffected by the conveyor) and pulling forward. The wheel bearings just need to be able to handle high speed. In most cases, aircraft wheel bearings (themselves) can handle quite high speeds.

It may take a bit more time (rolling resistance would have a small yet negligible effect), but if the conveyor were the length of a runway, the aircraft would fly.

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